Reconstruction of crystallisation temperature of artificially grown H-analcimes by means of the IR and fluid inclusion studies
SLABY E.1, KOZLOWSKI A.2
Institute of Geology, University of Warsaw, Al. Zwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warszawa, Poland.
1eslaby@geo.uw.edu.pl
2akozl@geo.uw.edu.pl
ABSTRACT: A method of reconstruction of the crystallisation temperature (Tc) of analcime has been proposed. The method
is based on the compilation of two data sets: the IR absorption spectra and fluid inclusion study results. The water position in the analcime
structure depends on the crystallisation temperature. Certain bands in the IR absorption spectrum are sensitive to the change in the temperature
conditions of the analcime formation. Moreover, the IR absorption band positions are also influenced by the composition of the crystallisation
system as well as by the crystallisation time. For more precise information about Tc, fluid inclusion studies were performed. They provide
additional data about salt concentrations in the crystallisation system, water behaviour in the analcime structure and crystallisation
temperature.
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Triassic brittlestar beds of Poland: a case of Aspiduriella ludeni (v.Hagenow, 1846) and Arenorbis squamosus (E. Picard, 1858)
RADWANSKI A.
Institute of Geology, University of Warsaw, Al. Zwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warszawa, Poland.
ABSTRACT: Exemplified by a new occurrence site of mass-aggregated Aspiduriella ludeni (v.Hagenow, 1846) from
the Lower Muschelkalk (lowest Anisian) sequence of the Holy Cross Mountains, Central Poland, discussed are life conditions of ophiuroids in that
region of the Muschelkalk Basin (Middle Triassic) in Central Europe. Postulated is their fast deposition (burial) by the rip-current transport of
alive, possibly torpid, and/or newly dead specimens captured by stormy agitation from their shallow subtidal and/or intertidal habitats. The
palaeogeographical setting of the Holy Cross region is compared to that of the Silesia region in southern Poland, highly influenced till the
early-Middle Triassic by oceanic waters of the Tethyan Realm. Shortly reviewed and/or discussed are the formerly known ophiuroid occurrences in
Silesia, to be supplemented by a mass-aggregated case of Arenorbis squamosus (E. Picard, 1858). Commented are also other ophiuroid
aggregations reported from the Muschelkalk Basin, and whose occurrence is considered in terms of their environmental conditions controlled both
by physical (fluctuation of water parameters, and its dynamics) and biotic (low predation stress) agents. A biogeographical significance of the
genus Aspiduriella during Triassic is outlined, to suggest its Muschelkalk-refugee provenance in the late Middle and Late Triassic of the
Tethyan Realm.
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Boreal and Subboreal ammonites in the Submediterranean uppermost Oxfordian in the Bielawy section (northern Poland) and their correlation value
MATYJA A. B.1, WIERZBOWSKI A.2
Institute of Geology, Warsaw University, Al. Zwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warszawa, Poland.
1bam@geo.uw.edu.pl
2awzw@geo.uw.edu.pl
ABSTRACT: The youngest deposits exposed in the Bielawy Quarry (Kujawy area, northern Poland) yielded both
Submediterranean ammonites, making possible recognition of the uppermost Submediterranean Oxfordian, and Subboreal-Boreal ammonites, indicative
of some parts of the Subboreal/Boreal lowermost Kimmeridgian. This makes possible closer correlation of the different zonal schemes that appear to
be important in discussion of the uniform Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian boundary and recognition of its GSSP. The upper part of the Submediterranean
Planula Subzone yields Boreal Amoeboceras of the Plasmatites group, indicative of the Boreal Bauhini Zone. Moreover, the lowermost
part of the Submediterranean Galar Subzone corresponding to the wenzeli horizon yields Boreal Amoeboceras of the Amoebites group
(such as Amoeboceras bayi Birkelund & Callomon), indicative of the lowermost part of the Boreal Kitchini Zone, as well as late
representatives of the genus Pictonia, described here as Pictonia kuiaviensis sp. nov., allowing correlation with the upper
part of the Subboreal Baylei Zone.
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Palaeoenvironmental conditions of hardgrounds formation in the Late Turonian-Coniacian of Mangyshlak Mountains, Western Kazakhstan
GRUSZCZYNSKI M.1, COLEMAN M. L.2, MARCINOWSKI R.3, WALASZCZYK I.3, ISAACS M. C. P.2
1Wydzial Matematyczno-Przyrodniczy, Instutut Geografii, Akademia Swietokrzyska, ul. Swietokrzyska 15, PL-25-406 Kielce, Poland.
Instytut Paleobiologii, Polska Akademia Nauk, ul. Twarda 51/55, PL-00-818 Warszawa, Poland.
beerbaer@twarda.pan.pl
2Postgraduate Research Institute for Sedimentology, Reading University, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AB, U.K.
3Institute of Geology, Warsaw University, Al. Zwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warszawa, Poland.
ABSTRACT: A carbon and oxygen isotope stratigraphic profile has been made, for the first time, through the Late
Turonian-Coniacian sedimentary sections containing regionally widespread firm- and hardgrounds of Mangyshlak Mountains, western Kazakhstan.
Generally, Turonian and Coniacian time has been considered as a transitional stage between two Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAE), because of the
peculiar pattern of variation of the δ13C and δ18O values. Unfortunately, there is no such record in the
sections we examined, thus the Mangyshlak Sea behaved uniquely compared to the majority of seas and oceans at that time. The process of
hardground formation is polygenetic but involved stopping deposition of calcium carbonate and initiation of the hardground over the large area of
the sea floor. Normal causes of cessation of calcium carbonate seem unlikely and the expected drastic changes of hydrochemistry of the bottom
waters cannot be detected in any of the minerals within the hardground sediments. Also, changes in climate, if there were any, are very difficult
to estimate. Moreover, winnowing of the carbonate sediment is also not detectable from the characteristics of the hardground surface. Because the
sedimentary sequence containing that regional hardground formation is transgressive, the most plausible reason for cessation and deposition of
calcium carbonate is acceleration of the transgression. This might release sufficient amounts of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate to slow
precipitation and deposition of calcium carbonate. Also, the greater distance from the shore might have reduced the supply of nutrients which
decelerated photosynthetic activity, which in turn decreased consumption of carbon dioxide, thus enhancing precipitation of calcium carbonate.
Some additional winnowing of calcium carbonate sediments would have helped in subsequent development of the hardground. Finally, deceleration of
the transgression renewed precipitation and deposition of calcium carbonate.
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Engineering-geological evaluation of Mio-Pliocene clays in the Warsaw area, central Poland
KACZYNSKI R.
Institute of Geology, Warsaw University, Al. Zwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warszawa, Poland.
ihigi@geo.uw.edu.pl
ABSTRACT: Mio-Pliocene clays will increasingly constitute the subgrade for building structures, not only in the Warsaw
region, but within the whole of central Poland, where the depths of their occurrences range from 2 to 100 m below ground-level and their average
thickness is 50 m. In their geological history these clays became overconsolidated. They include numerous weakness surfaces, are sensitive to the
influence of exogenic processes, and can be classified as soils of specific properties. It is necessary to take into account the state and history
of loads when testing these soils. This paper deals with the testing of overconsolidated soils. It contains full characteristics of the
engineering-geological properties of the Mio-Pliocene clays of the Warsaw area.On the basis of the determined properties, the load-bearing
capabilities of unweathered and weathered clays as the construction subgrade have been analysed. Special attention was paid to the quantitative
expression of the influence of wetting (swelling), structure disturbance, and occurrences of shear strength weakness surfaces (cohesion and
angle of internal friction). In the case of clays, it is possible that horizontal stresses are higher than vertical stresses (K0 = 0.74-1.44).
The behaviour of clays occurring in slopes has been assessed. Laboratory and field (static penetration and dilatometer) test results are presented.
Obtained results can be used directly for the evaluation of Mio-Pliocene clays as a construction subgrade, and indirectly for other
overconsolidated soils, especially in the context of testing methodology.
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Vadose zone – challenges in hydrochemistry
MALECKI J.1, MATYJASIK M.2
1Department of Geology, Warsaw University, AL. Zwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warsaw, Poland
2Department of Geosciences, Weber State University, 2507 University Circle Ogden, UT 84408-2507, USA
ABSTRACT: Hydrochemical studies conducted in Bialystok, north-eastern Poland are used to illustrate the complexity of
water chemistry in the vadose zone in clayey and silty sands. Field samples were collected from rain water, ceramic-cup lysimeters located at
depths 0.6 m, 0.9 m, and 1.2 m and in a piezometer in the phreatic zone at a depth of 1.5 m. Analysis of chemical constituents in the water and
mineral constituents in the sediments allowed saturation indices to be estimated for dominant minerals. Laboratory evaporation experiments showed
significant affects of this physical processes on water chemistry in the vadose zone. Detailed mineralogic analysis allowed the cation exchange
capacity of sediments to be estimated. More detailed study on Cu and Zn transport in the vadose zone indicates increasing diversification of Cu
and Zn species with depth, and a degree of sorption saturation ranging from 9% to 90%. A relatively dramatic change in the average TDS from
30.2 mg/L in rain water to 318 mg/L in the phreatic zone, and in the hydrochemical type from SO4-Cl-Ca-NH4 in rain water
to HCO3-SO4-Ca-Mg confirms a hypothesis that in relatively uniform unconsolidated sediments, subsurface water chemistry is
determined more by processes and reactions occurring in the vadose zone than in the phreatic zone. Significant complexity of these processes and
reactions limit the applicability of available hydrochemical models based on chemical equilibrium at the present time, and emphasize the importance
of new experimental techniques which would allow the in-situ interaction along water/mineral surfaces to be observed at preferably molecular
level. Results of this research characterize processes in the vadose zone in north-eastern Poland and can be compared to similar studies known
from other regions and climatic zones.
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Correlation of main climatic glacial-interglacial and loess-palaeosol cycles in the Pleistocene of Poland and Ukraine
LINDNER L.1, BOGUTSKY A.2, GOZHIK P.3, MARCINIAK B.4, MARKS L.1, LANCZONT M.5, WOJTANOWICZ J.5
1Institute of Geology, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-89 Warszawa, Poland.
2Geographical Department, Lvov University, Doroshenka 41, 79 000 Lvov, Ukraine.
3Institute of Geological Sciences, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Gonchara 55B, 01 054 Kiev-54, Ukraine.
4Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, PL-00-818 Warszawa, Poland.
5Institute of Earth Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL-20-033 Lublin, Poland.
ABSTRACT: An integrated analysis of climatic rhythms in the territory between the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea is
presented. There is precise agreement between the Pleistocene climatic changes in Poland and Ukraine, expressed on the one hand by continental
glaciations and loess deposition, and on the other hand by interglacial lake deposition and the development of soil-forming processes. These
changes are expressed by eleven (from A to K) climatic cycles. Each of them comprised a glaciation and a following interglacial. The number and
duration of these cycles seem to support their possible correlation with 110-90 kyrs astronomic cycles. In the older cycles (from F to K) there
were presumably more glaciations and separating interglacials than accepted at present. Grouping either of two or three climatic cycles into
megacycles is presumably due to the varied duration of the former, either because of shorter interglacials (e.g. Eemian) or glaciations
(e.g. Liviecian). The recognition of climatic megacycles could result from grouping some Pleistocene glaciations into megaglaciations in order
to establish close correlation to the classic scheme of the Alpine glaciations.
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Non-planar strike-slip Gniezdziska – Brzeziny fault (SW Mesozoic margin of the Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland)
MASTELLA L.1, KONON A.2
Institute of Geology, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-89 Warszawa, Poland.
1mastella@geo.uw.edu.pl
2konon@geo.uw.edu.pl
ABSTRACT: Based on the analysis of detailed geological maps, air photos, radar images and tectonic mesostructures the
geometry and mechanism of formation of the Gniezdziska-Brzeziny fault have been determined. The fault represents a typical example of a dextral
strike-slip fault occurring in the SW margin of the Holy Cross Mountains. The trace of the fault is curvilinear-sinusoidal, which produced
restraining and releasing bends as well as restraining stepovers.
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Neoproterozoic flood basalts of Zabolottya and Babino Beds of the volcanogenic Volhynian Series and Polesie Series dolerites in the western margin of the East European Craton
BAKUN-CZUBAROW N.1, BIALOWOLSKA A.2, FEDORYSHYN Y.3
1Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda Str. 51/55, PL-00-818 Warsaw, Poland.
nbakun@twarda.pan.pl
2Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology, Warsaw University, Al. Zwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
3Department of Geology, Ivan Franko University of Lvov, Grushevskogo Str. 4, UA-290005 Lvov, Ukraine.
ABSTRACT: In the Volhynia region, on the western slope of the Ukrainian Shield, occurs a large complex of Lower
Neoproterozoic III (Lower Vendian) effusive-tuffogenic rocks, referred to the Volhynian Series. This series belongs to a large province of
flood basalts extending over an area of ca 140 000 km2 in the western part of the East European Craton. The series is underlain by
the terrigenous rocks of the Polesie Series, with volcanic ashes and dolerites in its upper part. The effusive-tuffogenic rocks of both series,
together with hypabyssal dolerites, represent the Volhynian Trap Formation. Within the lower – Zabollotya and Babino Beds of the Volhynian Series
there have been found alkali basalts and olivine tholeiites, whereas the basalts of the upper, Ratno Beds are quartz tholeiites exclusively. All
the basalts are mainly within plate continental basalts. The diversity of basalt composition within the Volhynian Series suggests that in the
Early Vendian, during the process of formation of parent magmas for basalts of particular beds, the mantle material beneath Volhynia has been
melted to various degrees. Distinct variability can also be observed in basaltic pyroxene composition (particularly in the Babino and Ratno Beds)
as well as in variations of REE distribution patterns in the studied basalts. Most likely, the strongly differentiated pyroxenes were not in a
state of equilibrium with the magma. The native copper mineralization of basalts from the Ratno, Babino and Zabolottya Beds is described. Higher
concentration of Au and Ag in the rocks with a high content of copper supports the hypothesis that the mineralizing hydrothermal solutions
originated in a common igneous source. The Vendian magmatic activity in the study area was associated with the last stages of breakup of the
Rodinia supercontinent.
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New tabulate corals from the Tournaisian of the Cracow area, Poland
ZAPALSKI M.
Faculty of Geology, Warsaw University, Al. Zwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
palaeo@poczta.onet.pl
ABSTRACT: The paper presents the results of investigations of tabulate corals from the Lower Carboniferous
(Upper Tournaisian, Gnathodus cuneiformis Zone) from several exposures in the Debnik Anticline (Silesia-Cracow Upland, southern Poland).
Two taxa representing the Favositida, Roemeripora nowinskii sp. nov. and Roemeripora sp., and one species representing the
Syringoporida, Pleurosiphonella cf. virginica (Nelson), are described. The presence of Michelinia tenuisepta
(Phillips) is noted. The genus Pleurosiphonella Tchudinova is recognised in the Carboniferous of Europe for the first time.
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Mantled alkali-feldspar megacrysts from the marginal part of the Karkonosze granitoid massif (SW Poland)
SLABY E.1, GALBARCZYK-GNSIOROWSKA L.1, BASZKIEWICZ A.2
1Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology of the Warsaw University, Al. Zwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warszawa, Poland.
eslaby @ geo.uw.edu.pl
luiza@geo.uw.edu.pl
2Polskie Górnictwo Naftowe S.A., ul. Jagiellonska 76, PL-03-301 Warszawa, Poland.
anna.baszkiewicz@pgnig.com.pl
ABSTRACT: Mantled alkali feldspar megacrysts from the porphyritic granite variety of the Karkonosze Variscan pluton
(SW Poland) have been studied. The feldspars contain numerous inclusions of minerals (mainly plagioclases), which form inner rims, marking
successive zones of megacryst growth, and they are surrounded by a plagioclase mantle (rapakivi texture). Although, due to maturation and
coarsening, the feldspars display a heterogeneous exsolutions pattern, in the core part some homogeneous sectors (without visible decomposition)
are also preserved. Chemical composition of alkali feldspar megacrysts (including barium concentration) and of plagioclases (inner inclusions
and mantle) has been determined and used for evaluation of thermal conditions of melt crystallization. The highest calculated temperature for
single equilibrium and close-to-equilibrium pairs of un-decomposed domains in alkali feldspar + plagioclase inclusion ranges 809-750
oC. The differences in crystallization temperature calculated for the pairs alkali feldspar domains (megacryst) and plagioclase
inclusions from successive inner rims or for the pairs alkali feldspar domains (megacryst) – plagioclase mantle varied within 100 oC.
Common lack of equilibrium for neighbouring pairs of plagioclase inclusion – alkali feldspar is noticeable. Growth morphologies of plagioclases
(inclusions and mantle) and alkali feldspar have been proved by means of CL. Mostly the feldspars display signs of resorption and re-growth at
many stages of their formation. The barium concentration in the feldspars also points to discontinuous growth. The crystallization path of the
megacrysts and the formation of rapakivi texture were influenced by magma mixing, not by decompression processes.
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The Lower Badenian (Middle Miocene) coral patch reef at Grobie (southern slopes of the Holy Cross Mountains, Central Poland), its origin, development and demise
GORKA M.
Institute of Geology, University of Warsaw, Al. Zwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warszawa, Poland.
magurka@geo.uw.edu.pl
ABSTRACT: The Lower Badenian (Middle Miocene) patch reef of Grobie (southern slopes of the Holy Cross Mountains, Central
Poland) is the only coral buildup in the Polish Miocene. It contains four hermatypic coral taxa, of which Tarbellastraea reussiana
(Milne Edwards & Haime) and Porites collegniana Michelin dominate, whereas Montastraea sp. and Stylophora reussiana
Montanaro-Gallitelli & Tacoli are subordinate. Wide diversities of colony shapes in this coral assemblage reflect natural development of
the reefal structure and/or energy of environment; it varies from platy colonies (first settlers on an unconsolidated, pebble-strewn substrate),
through branching, to massive forms. Wave activity was the most significant factor that influenced the reef core and distribution of associated
facies. Disintegration and removal of reef core sediment led to the formation of crack crevices in freshly lithified deposits. Redeposited sediment
formed the back-reef talus, where its composition varied with distance from the reef core. Reef-associated molluscs and decapods are abundant,
the bivalves being represented by high-energy resistant borers (Lithophaga sp., Jouannetia (J.) semicaudata Des
Moulins) and the squatter Sphenia (S.) anatina (Basterot). Among 21 decapod taxa, the species Dardanus hungaricus
(Lerenthey, 1929) is reported from Poland for the first time. Recognition of the diversity of facies and their distribution enabled reconstruction
of Grobie area during the Early Badenian transgression. Slowing and/or stopping of sea-level rise encouraged development of the patch reef, while
the subsequent, rapid transgressive pulse caused its demise. Shortly after all reefal deposits were buried, diagenetic processes of neomorphisation
and/or dissolution of aragonitic skeletal elements took place. This diagenesis could have continued till the Late Miocene and Pliocene,
synchronously with rapid erosion that progressed since the Early Sarmatian until the Pleistocene glaciations.
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Clastic Badenian deposits and sedimentary environments of the Roztocze Hills across the Polish-Ukrainian border
WYSOCKA A.
Institute of Geology, University of Warsaw, Al. Zwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warszawa, Poland.
wysocka@geo.uw.edu.pl
ABSTRACT: The sedimentary conditions of the clastic Badenian deposits of the Roztocze Hills are reconstructed, in the
territories of Poland and Ukraine. Detailed sedimentological analyses are performed for fourteen exposures. Four petrographic rock types: quartz
arenites, quartz arenites with limeclasts, calcarenites with quartz and biocalcarenites have been distinguished. The lithology and microfacies of
these rocks point to a high-energy, shallow-water, normal-marine environment connected with the shore zone. Moreover, diversified sets of
sedimentological structures, including depositional, deformational and biogenic, are ascribed to the shallow-water high-energy environment. The
characteristics of the Badenian succession allow an interpretation of the environment and its change during sedimentation. Deposition during the
Badenian in the Roztocze area was connected with the evolution of the Carpathian Foredeep. Initially sedimentation was mainly dependent on
hydrodynamic factors, however the influence of diastrophic factors gradually increased.
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Morphology and chemistry of placer gold grains – indicators of the origin of the placers: an example from the East Sudetic Foreland, Poland.
WIERCHOWIEC J.
Institute of Geology, University of Warsaw, Al. Zwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warszawa, Poland.
janzloz@geo.uw.edu.pl
ABSTRACT: The gold in the vicinity of Glucholazy – Prudnik (the East Sudetic Foreland) is associated with Pliocene
piedmont fans and Pre-Pleistocene river systems, primarily with the paleobeds of the Prudnik river and its tributaries. The morphology (roundness,
flatness index and particles folding), surface textures and chemical composition of the gold particles suggest that the placer gold occurrences
in the East Sudetic Foreland are multicycled (recycled paleoplacers) and multisourced. The most significant primary gold source was the sedimentary
and epimetamorphic cover of the Zulova granitoids, eroded and removed during the Neogene. The majority of the gold was transported (redeposited) in
a suspended form as flakes, scales, small grains and gold dust. This entered the river directly as a result of erosion of auriferous sediments.
The homogeneous, porous, gold particles were formed in the weathering zones of polymetallic veins and other types of mineralization. Coatings of
both crystalline and amorphous gold on particle surfaces suggest chemical accretion of authigenic gold on to pre-existing grains. Some porous gold
particles may have been formed post-depositionally as the result of precipitation from colloidal solutions.
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What is hot in sedimentary research over the millennium crossroad?
RACKI G.
Department of Earth Sciences, Silesian University, Bedzinska 60, PL-41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
ABSTRACT: The world-wide and multidisciplinary Science Citation Index (SCI), available presently online as SCI
Expanded via Web of Science from the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in Philadelphia, has been applied as a powerful and reliable tool
for the comprehensive study of citation patterns (Garfield 1979). Introductory bibliometric analyses for sedimentological literature were already
presented in Journal of Sedimentary Petrology many years ago (Middleton 1974, Pilkley & Wilcox 1981, Bodine 1982). Hot Papers Database
contains data on highly cited papers processed in the ISI databases during the last two years. Current information on the publication ‘hits’ in
physics, chemistry, biology and medicine are regularly presented as What’s hot in Research? at the ISI homepage (www.isinet.com). For the
geosciences, the list of most cited articles from 1981 was published by Garfield (1983), but contained almost exclusively papers in geophysics.
The article presents this kind of updated ISI data (i.e., based on SCI Expanded) for the closely linked geological topics of sedimentology,
sedimentary geology and sedimentary geochemistry, and is thought to be a continuation of the previous search by Middleton (1974). SCI Expanded
includes modern papers only (since 1996), having been indexed from ca. 5900 source ‘master’ journals. The identification of the highest cited
references (as an important part of the intellectual essence of the discipline) and dynamic, rapidly developing research fronts are major tasks
of the recent bibliometric studies, as is well shown in a refined approach to interdisciplinary climate research by Schwechheimer & Winterhager
(1999).
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